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| First Name: | Alan | | Last Name: | MacDonald | | Title: | Research Associte | | Advanced Degrees: | M.D. | | Affiliation: | University of New Haven | | Department: | Biology and Environmental Sciences | | Street Address 1: | 300 Boston Post Road | | Street Address 2: | Dodds Hall Rm# 306 GH 104A | | City: | West Haven | | State/Province: | CT | | Zip/Postal Code: | 06516 | Country/Territory: | U.S.A. | | Phone: | 203-479-4552 | | Fax: | 203-931-6097 | | Email Address: |  |
Disclosure:
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Member reports the following financial or other potential conflicts of interest: [Last Modified: 19 April 2012]
1985 to Present: The investigation of Autopsy Alzheimer's Brain tissues for evidence of Borrelia burgdorferi. This approach was inspired by the model of Dr Hideyo Noguchi, who proved that Treponema pallidum infection in its tertiary phase was the cause of General Paresis.
Lyme borreliosis is recognized to, like syphilis,
have primary, secondary and tertiary manifestations,
In 1985 I requested Frozen Alzheimer's disease brains from Dr George Glenner who maintained a research Brain Bank at the University of California, San Diego. I received four frozen whole brains, after my credentials to undertake
research studies were approved by Dr Glenner and by the Institutional Review Board of the Medical staff of Southampton Hospital,Southampton, N.Y,
I had acquired experience in the primary isolation of Borrelia burgdorferi from human tissue in studies of the Erythema migrans lesion. I was in possession of positive and negative control material from earlier studies which I completed on Gestational Lyme Borreliosis. I commenced culture of 0.5cm cubes of flame sterilized thawed Alzheimer hippocampus
and observed the cultures for growth of Borrelia
spirochetes. I submitted a manuscript to the Journal of the American Medical Association, which was entitled"Borrelia in the brains of patients dying with Alzheimer's disease". The Editors were concerned that the words "Alzheimer's disease" in the title would create problems among the readership and returned
the manuscript for Title revision and agreed to
publish my report of positive culture results as a letter to the editor, with the words "dying with Dementia". [JAMA, 1986,256:2195-6] The classificaion of the cultured spirochetes from 2 patient autopsy hippocampus was substantiated
by positive immunoreactivity with Murine monoclonal antibodies H5332, and H9724; which were on hand in the laboratory courtesy of the generosity of Dr. Alan G. Barbour, at the Rocky Mountain Laboratory, NIAID,NIH, Hamilton Montana.
Subsequent studies of additional cases of Alzheimer's disease yielded more culture positive
cases. In 1987, the Editors of the first line Academic Pathology journal Human Pathology accepted a case report entitled "Concurrent Neocortical Borreliosis and Alzheimer's Disease. This was the first publication which allowed the use of the words "Alzheimer's" and "Borreliosis"
in the Title. Subsequent work revealed a culture positive case of Alzheimer's disease, from Dr. Glenner's Brain Bank, which disclosed a "cystic" form of Borrelia burgodrferi in tissue section, and Immunoreactive borrelia cysts with Dr. Barbour's gift of murine monoclonal antibody H9724 which recognizes the flagellin epitopes of
Borrelia burgdorferi and related Relapsing fever borrelia. This report was published in the Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1988,539: 468-70.
I began work on Molecular Detection methods
for the Borrelia burgdorferi genomic elements
in Alzheimer's disease tissues; initially with
PCR detection of the Flagellin B transcriptome,
and subsequently with Fluorescein labeled specific DNA probes for In Situ DNA hybridization.
In 1993, Dr Judith Miklossy, published her first
paper on Alzheimer's disease and neuroborreliosis. Dr Miklossy has continued to produce multiple landmark manuscripts on Alzheimer's neuroborreliosis, the most recent in 2011 reviewing the evidence from the perspective
of Koch and Hill's Hypotheses.
My present research is the utilization of Molecular Beacons for in situ DNA hybridization
to detect Borrelia transcriptomes in Alzheimer's disease autopsy brain tissues. i continue my work
on primary isolation of Borrelia from Alzheimer's brain tissue.
I have no competing financial interests in
my research.
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View all comments by Alan MacDonald
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Alzheimer Disease, Tauopathies
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Microscopy, Neuropathology, DNA microarrays, Molecular and Cell biology
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Medical hospital, Research institute
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Miklossy, Judith, "alzheimer's disease- a neurospirochetosizs- Analysis of Evidence following Koch's and hill's criteria", Journal of Neuroinflammation, 2011, 8: 90-106
Miklossy, Judith, "Borrelia burgdorferi persists in the Brain in chronic Lyme neuroborreliosis and may be associated with Alzhiemer's disease", Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, 2004, 6: 639-49
Miklossy, Judith, " Beta Amyloid deposition and Alzheimer's type changes induced by Borrelia burgodrferi", Neurobiology of Aging, 27:228-36 |
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